The invention that first enabled researchers to see clear images of living cells was the phase-contrast microscope, which won its inventor, Frits Zernike, a Nobel Prize in 1932. Prior to Zernike's ...

Fluorescence microscopy techniques are powerful tools for probing very small signals and revealing three-dimensional (3D) structural and functional properties of biological samples with high ...

Light microscopy is a key tool that scientists use to image cells, organelles, subcellular structures, and molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. Because visible light leaves biological ...