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Abstract: Applying machine vision to facilitate railway anomaly detections faces a grand challenge in that anomalous samples for model training are insufficient due to their infrequent occurrence and ...

Abstract: There are two mainstream approaches for object detection: top-down and bottom-up. The state-of-the-art approaches are mainly top-down methods. In this paper, we demonstrate that bottom-up ...

The system employs HMAC-SHA256 (Hash-based Message Authentication Code using SHA-256) for license integrity verification. SHA-256 refers to the Secure Hash Algorithm producing 256-bit hash values (see ...